MIXED-SPECIES EXHIBITS WITH CARNIVORANS III.

 

 

Mixed-species exhibits with Cats (Felidae) and Hyenas (Hyaenidae)

 

 

Written by KRISZTIÁN SVÁBIK

Assistant Curator, Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden, Hungary

 

Uploaded: 8th June 2018

Refreshed: 18th May 2020

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Within the narrower meaning of the mixed-species exhibits this document deals with nine species of cats and one species of hyenas.

 

In the list below you can see which species have been kept in mixed exhibits in captivity:

 

Cats, Felidae

 

Lion, Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758

Tiger, Panthera tigris Linnaeus, 1758

Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus Schreber, 1775

Serval, Leptailurus serval Schreber, 1776

Eurasian Lynx, Lynx lynx Linnaeus, 1758

Caracal, Caracal caracal Schreber, 1776

Puma, Puma concolor Linnaeus, 1771

Margay, Leopardus wiedii Schinz, 1821

Leopard Cat, Prionailurus bengalensis Kerr, 1792

 

Hyenas, Hyaenidae

 

Aardwolf, Proteles cristata Sparrman, 1783

 

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LIST OF SPECIES COMBINATIONS - FELIDAE

 

The list shows examples of species combinations with at least one felid species combined with the taxa below (without mentioning different felid species have been kept together)

 Lion, Panthera leo  (Photo © Krisztián Svábik)

Tiger, Panthera tigris

Meerkat, Suricata suricatta

Yellow Mongoose, Cynictis penicillata

Black-backed Jackal, Canis mesomelas

Brown Bear, Ursus arctos

American Black Bear, Ursus americanus

Asian Small-clawed Otter, Aonyx cinerea

Alexandrine Parakeet, Psittacula eupatria

 

 

 Tiger, Panthera tigris  (Photo © Krisztián Svábik)

Lion, Panthera leo

American Black Bear, Ursus americanus

 

 

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Patas Monkey, Erythrocebus patas

White Rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum

Black Rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis

Plains Zebra, Equus quagga

Pygmy Hippopotamus, Choeropsis liberiensis

Ankole-Watusi Cattle, Bos primigenius f. taurus

Common Eland, Taurotragus oryx

Giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis

Galapagos Tortoise, Chelonoidis nigra

African Spurred Tortoise, Centrochelys sulcata

 

 

Nicobar Crab-eating Macaque, Macaca fascicularis

Dwarf Donkey, Equus asinus

Pygmy Hippopotamus, Choeropsis liberiensis

Walliser Blacknecked Goat, Capra aegagrus f. hircus

Dwarf Zebu, Bos primigenius f. taurus

Common Eland, Taurotragus oryx

 

 

Brown Bear, Ursus arctos

 

 

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Caracal, Caracal caracal (Photo © Krisztián Svábik)

Indian Crested Porcupine, Hystrix indica

 

 

Grey Wolf, Canis lupus

American Black Bear, Ursus americanus

 

 

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Geoffroy's Toadhead Turtle, Phrynops geoffroanus

 

 

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Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine, Atherurus macrourus

Malayan Porcupine, Hystrix brachyura

Binturong, Arctictis binturong

Common Palm Civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

Indian Muntjac, Muntiacus muntjak

 

 

 Aardwolf, Proteles cristata  (Photo © Tamás Boros)

Aardvark, Orycteropus afer

Rock Hyrax, Procavia capensis

Wolf's Mona Monkey, Cercopithecus wolfi

Eastern Black-and-white Colobus, Colobus guereza kikuyuensis

King Colobus, Colobus polykomos

Spring Hare, Pedetes capensis

Cape Porcupine, Hystrix africaeaustralis

Crested Porcupine, Hystrix cristata

Meerkat, Suricata suricatta

Tawny Frogmouth, Podargus strigoides

Pearl-spotted Owlet, Glaucidium perlatum

 

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LIST OF MIXED-SPECIES EXHIBITS WITH LOCATIONS - FELIDAE

 

The list shows specific examples of mixed-species exhibits involving at least one felid species combined with the taxa below, with indication of the institution(s) where they have been tried out (without mentioning different felid species have been kept together)

 

 

 Lion, Panthera leo

 

 

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• Lion, Panthera leo
• Meerkat, Suricata suricatta

 

Institution(s): Colchester Zoo (United Kingdom)

 

Combined species:

 

• Lion, Panthera leo
• Yellow Mongoose, Cynictis penicillata

 

Institution(s): Zoo Basel (Switzerland), ZOO Antwerpen (Belgium)

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Combined species:

 

• Lion, Panthera leo
• Meerkat, Suricata suricatta
• Yellow Mongoose, Cynictis penicillata

 

Institution(s): Zoologischer Garten Schwerin (Germany)

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Combined species:

 

• Lion, Panthera leo
• Black-backed Jackal, Canis mesomelas

 

Institution(s): Zoo Leipzig (Germany)

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Combined species:

 

• Lion, Panthera leo
• Tiger, Panthera tigris
• American Black Bear, Ursus americanus

 

Institution(s): Noah’s Ark Animal Sanctuary (Locust Grove, Georgia, United States of America )

 

Tiger (Panthera tigris), American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) and Lion (Panthera leo)

Noah’s Ark Animal Sanctuary, Locust Grove, Georgia, United States of America

Photo © Noah’s Ark Animal Sanctuary

 

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Combined species:

 

• Lion, Panthera leo
• Brown Bear, Ursus arctos

 

Institution(s): Shenyang Forest Wild Zoological Garden (China)

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Combined species:

 

• Lion, Panthera leo
• Asiatic Black Bear, Ursus thibetanus

 

Institution(s): Khao Kheow Forest & Wildlife Park (Chon Buri, Thailand)

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Combined species:

 

• Lion, Panthera leo persica
• Asian Small-clawed Otter, Aonyx cinerea

 

Institution(s): Zoo Zürich (Switzerland)

 

 

• Lion, Panthera leo
• Alexandrine Parakeet, Psittacula eupatria

 

unknown institution

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 Tiger, Panthera tigris

 

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Combined species:

 

• Tiger, Panthera tigris
• Lion, Panthera leo
• American Black Bear, Ursus americanus

 

Institution(s): Noah’s Ark Animal Sanctuary (Locust Grove, Georgia, United States of America)

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 Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus

 

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Combined species:

 

• Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
• Patas Monkey, Erythrocebus patas

 

Institution(s): Zoo Leipzig (Germany)

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Combined species:

 

• Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
• White Rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum

 

Institution(s): Borås Djurpark (Sweden), Zoo & Aquazoo Schmiding (Krenglbach, Austria), Attica Zoological Park (Athens, Greece), Flamingo Land Resort (Kirby Misperton, United Kingdom), Cleveland Metroparks Zoo (Ohio, United States of America), Parc Safari (Quebec, Canada),  Everland - Zootopia (Jongin, South Korea)

 

South African Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) and Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum)

Attica Zoological Park, Athens, Greece

Photos © Attica Zoological Park

 

South African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) and Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum)

Attica Zoological Park, Athens, Greece

Photo © Nayer Youakim

 

South African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) and Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)

Zoo & Aquazoo Schmiding, Krenglbach, Austria

Photo © Jola Belik

 

South African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) and Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)

Borås Djurpark, Sweden

Photo © Bo Kjellson

 

Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)

Everland – Zootopia, Jongin, South Korea

Photo © Alex Kantorovich

 

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Combined species:

 

• Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
• Black Rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis

 

Institution(s): Zoo Leipzig (Germany), Port Lympne Wild Animal Park (United Kingdom)

 

South African Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) and Eastern Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli)

Zoo Leipzig, Germany

Photos © Zoo Leipzig

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Combined species:

 

• Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
• Plains Zebra, Equus quagga

 

Institution(s): African Safari (Oita, Japan)

 

Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and Plains Zebra (Equus quagga)

African Safari, Oita, Japan

Photo © African Safari

 

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Combined species:

 

• Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
• Ankole-Watusi Cattle, Bos primigenius f. taurus

 

Institution(s): Safaripark Pombia (Italy)

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Combined species:

 

• Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
• Plains Zebra, Equus guagga
• Common Eland, Taurotragus oryx
• Giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis

 

Institution(s): Zoorasia – Yokohama Zoological Gardens (Japan)

 

South African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) and Grant’s Zebras (Equus quagga boehmi)

Zoorasia – Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Japan

Photo © Nayer Youakim

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Combined species:

 

• Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
• Galapagos Tortoise, Chelonoidis nigra
• African Spurred Tortoise, Centrochelys sulcata

 

Institution(s): Houston Zoo (Texas, United States of America)

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 Serval, Leptailurus serval

 

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Combined species:

 

• Serval, Leptailurus serval
• Pygmy Hippopotamus, Choeropsis liberiensis

 

Institution(s): Bioparc Fuengirola (Spain)

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Combined species:

 

• Serval, Leptailurus serval
• Nicobar Crab-eating Macaque, Macaca fascicularis
• Dwarf Donkey, Equus africanus f. asinus
• Walliser Blacknecked Goat, Capra aegagrus f. hircus
• Dwarf Zebu, Bos primigenius f. taurus
• Common Eland, Taurotragus oryx (afterwards, instead of the Dwarf Zebu)

 

Institution(s): Tierpark Nadermann (Delbrück, Germany)

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 Eurasian Lynx, Lynx lynx

 

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Combined species:

 

• Eurasian Lynx, Lyn lynx
• Brown Bear, Ursus arctos

 

Institution(s): Zoo Salzburg Hellbrunn (Austria)

 

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Caracal, Caracal caracal

Combined species:

 

• Caracal, Caracal caracal
• Indian Crested Porcupine, Hystrix indica

 

Institution(s): Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (Quatar)

 

Caracal (Caracal caracal) and Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica)

Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation, Quatar

Photo © Mario Berndtgen

 

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Combined species:

 

• Cougar, Puma concolor
• Grey Wolf, Canis lupus
• American Black Bear, Ursus americanus

 

Institution(s): Out of Africa Wildlife Park (Camp Verde, Arizona, United States of America)

 

Cougar (Puma concolor) and American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)

Out of Africa Wildlife Park, Camp Verde, Arizona, United States of America

Photo © Out of Africa Wildlife Park

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 Margay, Leopardus wiedii

 

Combined species:

 

• Margay, Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus
• Geoffroy's Toadhead Turtle, Phrynops geoffroanus

 

Institution(s): Zoo Brno (Czech Republic)

 

Margay (Leopardus wiedii yucatanicus) and Geoffroy's Toadhead Turtle (Phrynops geoffroanus)

Zoo Brno, Czech Republic

Photo © Dorota Gremlicová

 

 

 Leopard Cat, Prionailurus bengalensis

 

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Combined species:

 

• Leopard Cat, Prionailurus bengalensis
• Malayan Porcupine, Hystrix brachyura
• Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine, Atherurus macrourus
• Binturong, Arctictis binturong
• Common Palm Civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
• Indian Muntjac, Muntiacus muntjak

 

Institution(s): Zoo Taiping & Night Safari  (Malaysia)

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LIST OF MIXED-SPECIES EXHIBITS WITH LOCATIONS - HYAENIDAE

 

The list shows specific examples of mixed-species exhibits involving at least one hyena species combined with the taxa below, with indication of the institution(s) where they have been tried out

 

 

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Combined species:

 

• Aardwolf, Proteles cristata
• Aardvark, Orycteropus afer
• Tawny Frogmouth, Podargus strigoides
• Pearl-spotted Owlet, Glaucidium perlatum

 

Institution(s): Zoo Frankfurt (Germany)

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Combined species:

 

• Aardwolf, Proteles cristata
• Rock Hyrax, Procavia capensis
• Eastern Black-and-white Colobus, Colobus guereza kikuyuensis

 

unknown institution

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Combined species:

 

• Aardwolf, Proteles cristata
• King Colobus, Colobus polykomos

 

Institution(s): Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden (Ohio, United States of America)

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Combined species:

 

• Aardwolf, Proteles cristata
• Wolf’s Mona Monkey, Cercopithecus wolfi
• Eastern Black-and-white Colobus, Colobus guereza kikuyuensis

 

Institution(s): San Antonio Zoo (Texas, United States of America)

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Combined species:

 

• Aardwolf, Proteles cristata
• Cape Porcupine, Hystrix africaeaustralis

 

Institution(s): Brookfield Zoo (Illinois, United States of America)

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Combined species:

 

• Aardwolf, Proteles cristata
• Meerkat, Suricata suricatta
• Crested Porcupine, Hystrix cristata

 

Institution(s): Phoenix Zoo (Arizona, United States of America)

 

 

• Aardwolf, Proteles cristata
• Spring Hare, Pedetes capensis

 

Institution(s): Brookfield Zoo (Illinois, United States of America)

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SUMMARIZE THE EXPERIENCES

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This document purposefully focuses on creating a list of mixed-species exhibits with family Felidae and Hyaenidae, for further and detailed information it is worth contacting the institutions mentioned above. Only a short summary of the general experiences is given here. Many of the listed coexistences are still ongoing at present; many of them are not anymore.

 

Cats

 

According to several zoos experiences Lion and mongoose cohabitation was not successful. In these cases the smaller species had an enclosure of their own and they have had access to the enclosure of the big cats through tunnels, where many alternative tunnels and exits were hidden. In a coexistence of mongooses and Lions lethal accidents have also been reported during the period of introduction as one of the Lions was able to catch a mongoose at Zoologischer Garten Schwerin and ZOO Antwerpen (HAMMER 2002, PAPIES 2018, pers. comm.). In Schwerin the initial group structure was 1.2 Lion, 1.1 Meerkat, 1.2 Yellow Mongoose, later on the mongooses established a group as they were well breeding. The outdoor enclosure was a 700 m² hilly area with grass and rocks, including an extensive system of underground caves and tubes, comprising 28 exits and mongooses had 12 m² area exclusively for their own. The tube system was extended and the mongooses were habituated to the enclosure for two weeks in absence of lions. During this habituation phase, animals where regularly frightened by several stimuli to improve their anti predator behaviours. Two Yellow Mongooses were preyed upon by lions. With rising numbers of lions present in the outdoor enclosure, mongooses started to become more cryptic lifestyle. Worth mentioning that Yellow Mongooses might prey upon young Meerkats (ZIEGLER 2002). In Zoo Basel Yellow Mongooses were also killed and eaten by Lions (HOUWALD 2018, pers. comm.).

Keeping together Lions and Black-backed Jackals at Zoo Leipzig was also not successful. The initial group structure was 2.1 Lion (genders were kept separately) and 1.1 Black-backed jackals (both juveniles), later on changed to 2.0 Lions. The 1100 m² sized mixed exhibit was covered with grass and artificial kopje-like cliffs and surrounded by dry ditch and water moat, enclosure was partly equipped with hot wires. Association was only outdoor. Jackals were given sufficient time to explore the outdoor enclosure, so habituation happened in absence of Lions. Planted areas between the dry ditch and jackals indoor area exclusively accessible for the jackals (protected against Lions through hot wires). During the first weeks jackals preferred to used the outdoor enclosure during the night. They did not try to dig burrows and accepted sleeping boxes indoor. Since January 2001 jackals showed more diurnal activities in the outdoor enclosure, together with Lions. In February 2001, the female jackal incautiously ignored the distance to the next shelter and was cornered by the male Lions. During this encounter the jackal was lethally injured and subsequently euthanasised. To reduce the risk of further jackal – lion encounters, artificial tubes were integrated into the ground of the outdoor enclosure, but they were not used by the remaining male jackal. About six weeks after the loss of the female, the male jackal was found with multiple bone fractures on the ground of the dry ditch (5 m deep). This lethal accident occurred in the absence of Lions during the night. The curiosity and playful behaviours of the relatively young (approx. 2.5 years of age) male Lions towards new stimuli might be one reason for the failure of this association. Another reason can be seen in the wet and loamy soil of the outdoor enclosure, preventing the jackals to dig a system of protective burrows (ZIEGLER 2002).

The combination of Asiatic Lions and Asian Small-clawed Otters in Zoo Zürich was also stopped as one of the female lions was able to catch the otters. At moment the institution is planning to introduce some bird species into the lion indoor exhibit (LODDENKEMPER 2018, pers. comm.).

A rescued Lion, Tiger and American Black Bear at Noah’s Ark Animal Sanctuary have been living together since their „childhood”.

A standard enclosure – despite of the enrichment programmes – can be soon boring for the Cheetahs. Another species can help a lot, and a relatively calm White Rhinoceros is especially suitable for an association. The big herbivores do not fit into the prey pattern of the cats and mostly ignore the Cheetahs. The Cheetahs are not afraid of them, instead they move quietly and calm between and around the Rhinos (HAMMER 2002).

Cheetah and White Rhinoceros combination are more and more „common” in the zoo community. One of the earliest example of this cohabitation is from Borås, where a 7000 m² enclosure is available for the animals, and the Cheetahs have their own, raised, rhino-free area.

An interesting species combiation has been created in Zoo Leipzig when its „Kiwara-Kopje” exhibit was opened in 2015. The institution tried to keep Black Rhinoceroses together with Cheetahs and Patas Monkeys which was no problem as long as the rhinos have been only together with one of the species.The problem was bring together the cats and monkeys. The zoo knew from the beginning that this could be a problem, so every species had got its own room: rhino-free area for the Cheetahs and some cheetah-free area for the Patas Monkeys. Three major things were observed during the introduction period: the Cheetahs worked together, one hunted and the other one waited and crossed the escape way of the monkey; Patas monkey instinctively love running more than climbing so they never got to save areas; and eventually the leader of the group of Patas Monkeys tried to refract the Cheetahs from the rest of the monkeys. All these points together made it impossible to combine these two species. Fortunately the Cheetahs has never caught one of the monkeys (HOLLAND 2018, pers. comm.).

A more complex association was created in Zooroasia - Yokohama Zoological Gardens when its „Savanna in Africa” area was opened in 2015. The institution has started to mix four species in this exhibit: Cheetahs with Zebras, Elands and Giraffes. This is the first occasion in Japan that exhibits three species of big herbivores with a carnivoran species. The base of the success of this exhibit is taken into account the behaviour of each species: as Cheetahs basically do not kill species that are bigger than themselves, mixing adult speciemens of the herbivores cause no problem. The size of the mixed exhibit is 8200 m² and their is an adjoining, smaller area where the Cheetahs separated in case the herbivores have offspring. During the proper management of this combination the institution need to be careful that Cheetahs have the possibility to keep good distance from the ungulates as Elands and Zebras often chase them away. Therefore the cats have some escape zones that are walled in by dead trees (WATANABE 2018, pers. comm.).

Worth to mention that Zoo Basel plans to introduce Cheetahs to the enclosure will be built for African Elephant bull (HOUWALD 2018, pers. comm.).

A few mixed-species exhibits with Servals were also described. In Tierpark Nadermann a Serval has lived amongst a herd of Walliser Blacknecked Goats and Nicobar Crab-eating Macaques for several years, although those were leading young at the same time. Later on Dwarf Donkeys and Dwarf Zebus, afterwards Common Elands instead of the Zebus has joined to the exhibit. One attack towards an Eland calf by a Serval was also reported.

In one of the exhibits in Bioparc Fuengirola a Serval rotates with Chimpanzees, when the apes are moved to their night holdings, the Serval has access to their exhibit. Also one Pygmy Hippopotamus is shifted to the chimp enclosure at night, so it can be together with the Serval. The exhibit has a very big water area, so when the hippo goes to the land area, the Serval use to climb on the rocks or logs results no problem between the species. Out of the summer months, visitor just can see this combination the 30 minutes before closing the zoo. But the animals use the enclosure till next morning when they are shifted to their holdings for cleaning the enclosure and make it ready for the Chimpanzees (RECUERO 2018, pers. comm.).

A lethal accident happened in Zoo Salzburg Hellbrunn, in a mixed exhibit with Eurasian Lynxes and Brown Bears. One of the two lynxes repeatedly attacked the bear. In one of these attacks the lynx was careless and came into a dead corner of the exhibit from where it was no able to flee from the bear. The other lynx was was stayed undisturbed by the bears. Worth to mention that Wolverines (Gulo gulo), which inhabit the neighbouring enclosure dug themselves through the enclosure for the bears, so sometimes all three species of carnivorans can be observed in the same exhibit (HAMMER 2002).

Another mixed exhibit with cats and bears was taken place in Out of Africa Wildlife Park in Arizona, where two female American Black Bears lived together with two female Cougars for about 17 years without serious incidents. Furthermore, a pack of four young Grey Wolves, two males and two females, lived harmoniously together with the bears and cats for about one year. But as the wolves matured, they became somewhat assertive over one of the Cougars, so the wolves were removed to another habitat. After that the Cougars remained with the bears and currently the ursids are alone (HARRISON, POWELL 2012, pers.comm.).

A cohabitation with Margays and Geoffroy's Toadhead Turtle in Zoo Brno works without problem and it seems enriching for the cats (GREMLICOVÁ 2018, pers. comm.). The species are together only in the indoor enclosure.

 

Hyenas

 

For mixed exhibits only the Aardwolf is suitable as the animals feed almost exclusively on termites. Many of the mentioned combinations below – Aardwolf with different primates, Rock Hyrax and Aardvark worked without problems (HAMMER 2002).

Feeding methods and times are crucial which belong to the most important factors in the success of mixed-species exhibits. If possible, the species should be separated for feeding. In case the species can not be fed separately and eat essentially the same type of food, it is necessary to provide enough feeding stations dispersed throughout the exhibit to ensure that each individual obtain a fair amount of food and that competition is kept to a minimum. At the Cincinnati Zoo, consideration of widely different food habits has allowed successful exhibition of a pair of Aardwolves with a troop of King Colobus in a relatively small enclosure. Upon introduction, the male colobus made some threatening signals that lasted several minutes. There was no response from the Aardwolves and after the initial threatening behaviour from the male colobus, both species totally ignored each other (THOMAS & MARUSKA 1996).

In a nocturnal exhibit at Zoo Frankfurt the socialization of Aardwolves and Aardvarks was really successful for a long time. Aardwolves were the submissive species and sometimes showed threat behaviour, but no aggression (HAMMER 2002). Mild stress was also present between the species due to the common use of the underground holes.

At San Antonio Zoo a male Aardwolf has lived together with to primate species just for some time. The Aardwolf was separated over night. Wolf’s Mona Monkeys seemed to bother Aardwolf the most (HAMMER 2002).

 

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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I would like to thank all the persons very much who helped to improve this short summary with providing information and photographs as well, in particulare:

 

Dorota GREMLICOVÁ curator (Zoo Brno, Czech Republic), Dean HARRISON (Out of Africa Wildlife Park, Camp Verde, Arizona, United States of America), Kevin HODGE general curator (Houston Zoo, Texas, United States of America), Ruben HOLLAND curator (Zoo Leipzig, Germany), Dr. Friederike von HOUWALD curator (Zoo Basel, Switzerland), Jonas LIVET (President, Association Les Zoos dans le Monde, Haguenau, France), Dirk LODDENKEMPER curator (Zoo Zürich, Switzerland), Jesus RECUERO veterinarian/curator (Bioparc Fuengirola, Spain), Matthias PAPIES curator (ZOO Antwerpen, Belgium), Ashton POWELL (Out of Africa Wildlife Park, Camp Verde, Arizona, United States of America), Fabian SCHMIDT curator (Zoo Leipzig, Germany), Hilda TRESZ Behavioral Enrichment & International Animal Welfare coordinator (Phoenix Zoo, Arizona, United States of America), Takeshi WATANABE assistant director (Zoorasia – Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Japan)

 

As well as I would like to thank all the persons very much who helped to improve this document  with providing further photographs, their names are lsited below:

 

Jola BELIK, Tamás BOROS, Bernard DUPONT, Alex KANTOROVICH, Bo KJELLSON, Jonas LIVET, Kateřina LOCHOVSKÁ, Mario BERNDTGEN, Andy STARDUST, Nayer YOUAKIM

 

Rerefences:

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AMEND, M. 2018. Nachttierhäuser in Zoologischen Gärten. Arbeitsplatz Zoo Sonderausgabe. Berufsverband der Zootierpfleger e. V., Druckerei & Verlag Fabian Hille, Dresden.

 

HAMMER, G. 2002. Mixed species exhibits involved mammals: stock report and problems. Dissertation. Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät Universität Salzburg.

 

SENGENBERGER, K., BUS, H. & VERSTEEGE, L. (eds) 2018. EAZA Best Practice Guidelines – Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)

 

THOMAS, W. D. & MARUSKA, E. J. 1996. Mixed-species Exhibits with Mammals. In: Kleiman, D. G., Allen, M. E., Thompson, K. V. & Lumpkin, S. (eds) 1996.  Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Pp. 204-211.

 

ZIEGLER, T. 2002. Selected Mixed Species Exhibits in Zoological Gardens. Primate Report 64.

 

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